Administration and effects of beta blockers and oxandrolone in severely burned adults: a post hoc analysis of the RE-ENERGIZE trial.

Background: Prospective randomized trials in severely burned children have shown the positive effects of oxandrolone (OX), beta blockers (BB) and a combination of the two (BBOX) on hypermetabolism, catabolism and hyperinflammation short- and long-term post-burn. Although data on severely burned adults are lacking in comparison, BB, OX and BBOX appear to be commonly employed in this patient population. In this study, we perform a secondary analysis of an international prospective randomized trial dataset to provide descriptive evidence regarding the current utilization patterns and potential treatment effects of OX, BB and BBOX. Methods: The RE-ENERGIZE (RandomizEd Trial of ENtERal Glutamine to minimIZE Thermal Injury, NCT00985205) trial included 1200 adult patients with severe burns. We stratified patients according to their receipt of OX, BB, BBOX or none of these drugs (None) during acute hospitalization. Descriptive statistics describe the details of drug therapy and unadjusted analyses identify predisposing factors for drug use per group. Association between OX, BB and BBOX and clinical outcomes such as time to discharge alive and 6-month mortality were modeled using adjusted multivariable Cox regressions. Results: More than half of all patients in the trial received either OX (n = 138), BB (n = 293) or BBOX (n = 282), as opposed to None (n = 487, 40.6%). Per study site and geographical region, use of OX, BB and BBOX was highly variable. Predisposing factors for the use of OX, BB and BBOX included larger total body surface area (TBSA) burned, higher acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II scores on admission and younger patient age. After adjustment for multiple covariates, the use of OX was associated with a longer time to discharge alive [hazard ratio (HR) 0.62, confidence interval (CI) (0.47-0.82) per 100% increase, p = 0.001]. A higher proportion of days on BB was associated with lower in-hospital-mortality (HR: 0.5, CI 0.28-0.87, p = 0.015) and 6-month mortality (HR: 0.44, CI 0.24-0.82, p = 0.01). Conclusions: The use of OX, BB and BBOX is common within the adult burn patient population, with its use varying considerably across sites worldwide. Our findings found mixed associations between outcomes and the use of BB and OX in adult burn patients, with lower acute and 6-month-mortality with BB and longer times to discharge with OX. Further research into these pharmacological modulators of the pathophysiological response to severe burn injury is indicated.

NovoSorb® Biodegradable Temporising Matrix (BTM): What we learned from the first 300 consecutive cases.

INTRODUCTION: Extensive full-thickness soft-tissue defects remain a challenge in reconstructive surgery. NovoSorb® Biodegradable Temporising Matrix (BTM) represents a novel dermal substitute and was evaluated in wounds deriving from different aetiologies and to highlight risk factors for poor take rates. METHODS: All patients treated with BTM at our department between March 2020 and October 2022 were included. Differences in univariate and linear regression models identified predictors and risk factors for take rates of BTM and split-thickness skin grafts (STSG). RESULTS: Three hundred patients (mean age 54.2 ± 20.1 years, 66.3% male, 59.7% burns, 19.7% trauma and 20.6% others) were evaluated. Mean take rates of BTM and STSG after BTM delamination were 82.7 ± 25.2% and 86.0 ± 22.6%, respectively. Multiple regression analyses showed that higher body mass index (BMI, OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.86, -0.01, p = 0.44), prior allograft transplantation (OR 15.12, 95% CI 26.98, -3.31, p = 0.041), longer trauma-to-BTM-application intervals (OR 0.01, 95% CI 0.001, -0.001, p = 0.038), positive wound swabs before BTM (OR 7.15, 95% CI 13.50, -0.80, p = 0.028) and peripheral artery disease (OR 10.80, 95% CI 18.63, -2.96, p = 0.007) were associated with poorer BTM take. Higher BMI (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.76, -0.08, p = 0.026), increasing BTM graft surface areas (OR 0.58, 95% CI -1.00, -0.17, p = 0.005), prior allograft (OR 12.20, 95% CI -21.99, -2.41, p = 0.015) or autograft transplantations (OR 22.42, 95% CI 38.69, -6.14, p = 0.001), tumour as the aetiology of the wound (OR 37.42, 95% CI 57.41, -17.83, p = 0.001), diabetes (OR 6.64, 95% CI 12.80, -0.48, p = 0.035) and impaired kidney function (OR 5.90, 95% CI 10.94, -0.86, p = 0.021) were associated with poorer STSG take after delamination of BTM, whereas higher BTM take rates were associated with better STSG take (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.31,0.50, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Extensive complex wounds of different aetiologies unsuitable for immediate STSG can be successfully reconstructed by means of two-staged BTM application and subsequent skin grafting. Importantly, presence of wound contamination or infection and prior allograft coverage appear to jeopardise good BTM and STSG take.

The long-term intercorrelation between post-burn pain, anxiety, and depression: a post hoc analysis of the "RE-ENERGIZE" double-blind, randomized, multicenter placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Despite the growing prevalence of burn survivors, a gap persists in our understanding of the correlation between acute burn trauma and the long-term impact on psychosocial health. This study set out to investigate the prevalence of long-term pain and symptoms of anxiety and depression in survivors of extensive burns, comparing this to the general population, and identify injury and demographic-related factors predisposing individuals to psychosocial compromise. METHODS: RE-ENERGIZE was an international, double-blinded, randomized-controlled trial that enrolled 1200 patients with partial- or full-thickness burns that required surgical treatment. For the post hoc analysis, we excluded participants who did not complete the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire. Normative data were taken from the 2021 National Health Interview Survey dataset. Propensity score matching was performed using the nearest-neighbor 1-to-1 method, and the two cohorts were compared in terms of chronic pain, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. A multivariable analysis was performed on the burns cohort to identify factors predicting post-discharge pain and symptoms of anxiety and depression. RESULTS: A total of 600 burn patients and 26,666 general population adults were included in this study. Following propensity score matching, both groups comprised 478 participants each, who were predominately male, white, overweight and between 20 and 60 years old. Compared to the general population, burn patients were significantly more likely to report the presence of moderate and a lot of pain (p = 0.002). Symptoms of anxiety were significantly higher in the burn population in two of four levels (most of the time; some of the time; p < 0.0001 for both). Responders in the burn population were significantly less likely to report the absence of depressive symptoms (p < 0.0001). Burn patients were also significantly more likely to report that their mental health affects their social life. TBSA, history of depression, and female sex were identified as independently associated factors for pain, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. The presence of chronic pain and anxiety symptoms independently predicted for symptoms of depression. CONCLUSIONS: Analyzing the largest multicenter cohort of patients with extensive burns, we find that burn injury is associated with chronic pain, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. In addition, TBSA-burned and history of depression directly correlate with the prevalence of chronic pain, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Finally, pain, and symptoms of anxiety and depression are interrelated and may have interactive effects on the process of recovery following burn injury. Burn patients would, therefore, benefit from a multidisciplinary team approach with early mobilization of pain and mental health experts, in order to promptly prevent the development of psychosocial challenges and their consequences.

The combined risk predictive power of frailty and hypoalbuminemia in free tissue flap reconstruction: A cohort study of 34,571 patients from the NSQIP database.

INTRODUCTION: Significant morbidity and mortality are hallmarks of the functional decline seen in physically frail patients. The modified frailty index 5 (mFI-5) represents a risk predictor score that has been validated as a comorbidity-based scale in surgery. Serum albumin levels of <3.5 g/dL (hypoalbuminemia) have also been implicated with poor postoperative outcomes. However, the association between these two parameters remains to be investigated. We aimed to elucidate the interdependence of preoperative albumin levels and frailty, as evaluated by the mFI-5 score, and its reliability to prognosticate postoperative results in free flap reconstruction (FFR). METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, retrospective cohort study and accessed the ACS National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) from 2008 to 2021. We identified all adult patients (≥18 years of age) who underwent a FFR. We extracted perioperative data and lab values including albumin. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk predictors. Main outcomes involved mortality, length of hospital stay, reoperation, medical and surgical complications, and discharge destination within the 30-day postoperative period. RESULTS: A total of 34,571 patients were included in the study, with an average age of 53.9 years (standard deviation [SD] 12.2) and an average body mass index (BMI) of 28.8 (SD 6.1). Of these patients, 7484 were male (21.6%), whereas 22,363 (64.7%) had no frailty (mFI = 0). Additionally, 9466 patients had a frailty score of 1 (27.4%), 2505 had a score of 2 (7.2%), 226 had a score of 3 (0.7%), and 11 had a score of 4 or higher (0.0%). Albumin levels were available for 16,250 patients (47.0%), and among them, 1334 (8.2%) had hypoalbuminemia. Regression analyses showed that higher mFI scores were independent predictors of any, surgical, and medical complications, as well as increased rates of reoperations, unplanned readmissions, and prolonged hospital stays. Hypoalbuminemia independently predicted any, surgical, and medical complications, and higher mortality, reoperation, and longer hospital stay. When both frailty and albumin levels (mFI-5 and albumin) were considered together, this combined assessment was found to be a more accurate predictor of all major outcomes (any, medical and surgical complications, mortality, and reoperation). Further, our analysis identified a weak negative correlation between serum albumin levels and mFI scores (Spearman R: -.1; p < .0001). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this cohort study highlights the association of hypoalbuminemia with adverse postoperative outcomes, including those not directly related to frailty. Simultaneously, higher mFI scores independently predicted outcomes not associated with hypoalbuminemia. Stemming from these findings, we recommend considering both serum albumin levels and frailty in patients receiving FFR. This perioperative algorithm may help provide more individualized planning including multidisciplinary care and pre and posthabilitation.

Patient-reported Outcomes Utilizing the Breast-Q Questionnaire After Breast Conserving Surgery With and Without Oncoplastic Breast Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Oncoplastic breast surgery (OBS) arose to decrease the deformity following breast conserving surgery (BCS) for breast cancer. In this meta-analysis (MA), we pool Breast-Q™ questionnaire data to compare quality of life (QOL) in breast cancer patients who received BCS alone or in combination with Level I or II oncoplastic breast surgery (BCS+OBS). All relevant databases were searched following the PRISMA and QUOROM guidelines. All prospective or retrospective studies with a BCS or BCS+OBS cohort that reported QOL as assessed with the Breast-Q™ questionnaire were eligible. Fifty-five studies (75 distinct patient cohorts; 11,186 patients) were included in the MA, with 12 studies reporting both pre- and postoperative values and eligible for a pairwise MA. The pairwise MA showed a significant postoperative improvement in the overall satisfaction with the breast (MD +8.0%, p=0.003) and in the psychosocial well-being (MD +9.2%, 3.5-14.8, p=0.001) of the entire cohort (BCS and BCS+OBS). A subgroup MA of proportions highlighted a superiority of BCS+OBS to BCS in terms of overall satisfaction with the breast (72.0%, 68.0-76.1, versus 62.9%, 58.3-67.5; p=0.02) and psychosocial well-being (78.9%, 71.5-86.4, versus 73.3%, 67.3-76.5, p=0.0001). A leave-one-out sensitivity analysis confirmed the results of the pairwise MA and the MA of proportions. Oncoplastic breast surgery effectively improves QoL based on the patient-reported outcomes assessed using the Breast-Q™ questionnaire. The improvements were associated with acceptable complication rates, further supporting the use of BCS followed by OBS where mastectomy would otherwise be necessary.

Outcomes in patients with burns to the perineum, buttocks and genitalia: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Burns that involve the perineum, buttocks and genitals (PBG) have been associated with more challenging therapeutic needs and worse clinical outcomes. We aimed to investigate whether PBG burns are an independent predictor for mortality, morbidity and complications in a large, heterogenous patient collective and in comparison to patients without PBG burns. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients admitted to a level one burn center between August 2014 and July 2022 were included and stratified based on the presence of PBG burns on admission (PBG & control group = CTR). Demographic baseline data, burn aetiology, inhalation trauma (IHT), full-thickness burns (FT), number of operations (NOR), mortality, length of ICU stay (LOS-ICU), length of in-hospital stay (LOHS) and bacteraemia were assessed to compare key clinical characteristics and outcomes between the groups. Multivariate regression analyses and a 1:1 propensity score matching were conducted for key clinical outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1024 patients were included in the analysis (PBG: n = 227; CTR: n = 797). PBG burns were older (median (IQR) 54 (34-72) vs. 44, (30-61) years, p < 0.0001), more frequently female (35% vs. 23%, p = 0.002) presented with larger total body surface area (TBSA) burns overall (27 (32-39) vs. 10 (13-15) %, p < 0.0001) and sustained FT burns more frequently (69% vs. 26% p < 0.0001). Scald burns were more frequently the cause of PBG burns (45% vs. 15%, p < 0.0001), PBG patients needed twice as many surgical procedures (Mean (SD) 2 (2.84) vs. 1 (1.6), p < 0.0001) as CTR. In multivariate analyses, a significant correlation was identified between length of ICU stay and presence of PBG burns. Following strict cohort matching to account for sex, age, cause of burn, TBSA %, presence of FT burn, inhalation trauma and bacteraemia, PBG burns were an independent predictor for mortality (p = 0.0003). CONCLUSION: PBG burns are at risk for prolonged intensive care, hospitalization and complications during treatment. Furthermore, the presence of PBG burns appears to be a risk factor for mortality, irrespective of patient age, TBSA affected and other relevant covariates.

Ultrasound-An Easy Available and Useful Point-of-Care Adjunct for Clinical Decision-Making in Hand Infections: Review of the Literature and a Case Series.

ABSTRACT: Initial findings of hand infections warrant a thorough treatment strategy depending on the progress of the infection. The decision for surgical treatment can be unclear. Searching to improve the quality of diagnostics, we reviewed the literature regarding the use of point-of-care ultrasound (PCUS) in hand infections and analyzed patients undergoing decision-making with PCUS. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Register, and Google Scholar for the use of PCUS in therapy planning in infections of the hand. In addition, we screened our patients from July 1, 2020, to November 30, 2020, to validate the potential benefit of ultrasound examination in suspected hand infections. We evaluated initial clinical examinations versus blinded sonographic assessments in the context of correct decision to proceed with surgery or conservative treatment. Two thousand forty-eight studies within the topic were identified, but only 9 studies were found eligible to be included with a total of 88 patients. The studies illustrate that ultrasound can be performed on all patients, including children and pregnant women, and can be performed in a timely manner. In our retrospective analysis of 20 patients with suspected hand infection, the clinical and ultrasound assessment led to surgery in 13 cases. Of those 13 patients, 7 revealed intraoperative pus. By retrospective assessment of solely the ultrasound images, surgery would have been indicated in 9 cases, including all 7 cases with intraoperative pus. Clinical examination and ultrasound can help in detecting infections of the hand. Ultrasound examination, however, seems to yield a lower false-positive rate than clinical examination. Ultrasound could be a valuable addition to clinical examination.

The significance of timing in breast reconstruction after mastectomy: An ACS-NSQIP analysis.

BACKGROUND: A variety of breast reconstruction (BR) options are available. The significance of timing on outcomes remains debated. This study aims to compare complications in breast cancer patients undergoing implant-based and autologous BR immediately after mastectomy or at a delayed time point. METHODS: We reviewed the ACS-NSQIP database (2008-2021) to identify all female patients who underwent BR for oncological purposes. Outcomes were stratified by technique (implant-based versus autologous) and timing (immediate versus delayed), and included 30-day mortality, reoperation, (unplanned) readmission, and surgical and medical complications. RESULTS: A total of 21,560 patients were included: 11,237 (52%) implant-based (9791/87% immediate, 1446/13% delayed) and 10,323 (48%) autologous (8378/81% immediate, 1945/19% delayed). Complications occurred in 3666 (17%) patients (implant-based: n = 1112/11% immediate, n = 64/4.4% delayed cohorts; Autologous: n = 2073/25% immediate, n = 417/21% delayed cohorts). In propensity score weighting (PSW) analyses, immediate BR was associated with significantly more complications than delayed BR (p < 0.0001). This was the case for both implant-based and autologous BR, with a greater difference between the two time points noted in implant-based. Confounder-adjusted multivariable analyses confirmed these results. CONCLUSION: At the 30-day time point, delayed BR is associated with significantly lower complication rates than immediate BR, in both the implant-based and autologous cohorts. These findings are not a blanket recommendation in favor of immediate and/or delayed BR. Instead, our insights may guide surgeons and patients in decision-making and help refine patients' eligibility in a case-by-case workup.

The surgical patient of yesterday, today, and tomorrow-a time-trend analysis based on a cohort of 8.7 million surgical patients.

BACKGROUND: Global healthcare delivery is challenged by the aging population and the increase in obesity and type 2 diabetes. The extent to which such trends affect the cohort of patients the authors surgically operate on remains to be elucidated. Comprising of 8.7 million surgical patients, the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database can be analyzed to investigate the echo of general population dynamics and forecast future trends. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors reviewed the ACS-NSQIP database (2008-2020) in its entirety, extracting patient age, BMI, and diabetes prevalence. Based on these data, the authors forecasted future trends up to 2030 using a drift model. RESULTS: During the review period, median age increased by 3 years, and median BMI by 0.9 kg/m2. The proportion of patients with overweight, obesity class I, and class II rates increased. The prevalence of diabetes rose between 2008 (14.9%) and 2020 (15.3%). The authors forecast the median age in 2030 to reach 61.5 years and median BMI to climb to 29.8 kg/m2. Concerningly, in 2030, eight of ten surgical patients are projected to have a BMI above normal. Diabetes prevalence is projected to rise to 15.6% over the next decade. CONCLUSION: General population trends echo in the field of surgery, with the surgical cohort aging at an alarmingly rapid rate and increasingly suffering from obesity and diabetes. These trends show no sign of abating without dedicated efforts and call for urgent measures and fundamental re-structuring for improved future surgical care.

Normothermic Ex Situ Machine Perfusion of Vascularized Composite Allografts with Oxygen Microcarriers for 12 Hours Using Real-Time Mitochondrial Redox Quantification.

BACKGROUND: Normothermic ex situ perfusion of vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) necessitates high oxygen demand and, thus, increased metabolic activity, which, in turn, requires the use of blood-based perfusion solutions. However, blood-derived perfusates, in turn, constitute an antigenic load. To circumvent this immunogenic problem, we used a perfusate enriched with acellular dextrane oxygen microcarriers to perfuse rat hindlimbs. METHODS: Rat hindlimbs (n = 11) were perfused with either (non-), oxygenated dextrane-enriched Phoxilium, or Phoxilium enriched with dextrane oxygen microcarriers (MO2) for 12 h at 37 °C or stored on ice. Oxygenation of the skeletal muscle was assessed with Raman spectroscopy, tissue pO2-probes, and analysis of the perfusate. Transmission electronic microscopy was utilized to assess the ultrastructure of mitochondria of the skeletal muscle. RESULTS: For all evaluated conditions, ischemia time until perfusion was comparable (22.91 ± 1.64 min; p = 0.1559). After 12 h, limb weight increased significantly by at least 81%, up to 124% in the perfusion groups, and by 27% in the static cold storage (SCS) group. Raman spectroscopy signals of skeletal muscle did not differ substantially among the groups during either perfusion or static cold storage across the duration of the experiment. While the total number of skeletal muscle mitochondria decreased significantly compared to baseline, mitochondrial diameter increased in the perfusion groups and the static cold storage group. CONCLUSION: The use of oxygen microcarriers in ex situ perfusion of VCA with acellular perfusates under normothermic conditions for 12 h facilitates the maintenance of mitochondrial structure, as well as a subsequent recovery of mitochondrial redox status over time, while markers of muscle injury were lower compared to conventional oxygenated acellular perfusates.

Impact of sarcopenia on outcomes in surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Surgeons have historically used age as a preoperative predictor of postoperative outcomes. Sarcopenia, the loss of skeletal muscle mass due to disease or biological age, has been proposed as a more accurate risk predictor. The prognostic value of sarcopenia assessment in surgical patients remains poorly understood. Therefore, the authors aimed to synthesize the available literature and investigate the impact of sarcopenia on perioperative and postoperative outcomes across all surgical specialties. METHODS: The authors systematically assessed the prognostic value of sarcopenia on postoperative outcomes by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, searching the PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from inception to 1st October 2022. Their primary outcomes were complication occurrence, mortality, length of operation and hospital stay, discharge to home, and postdischarge survival rate at 1, 3, and 5 years. Subgroup analysis was performed by stratifying complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification system. Sensitivity analysis was performed by focusing on studies with an oncological, cardiovascular, emergency, or transplant surgery population and on those of higher quality or prospective study design. RESULTS: A total of 294 studies comprising 97 643 patients, of which 33 070 had sarcopenia, were included in our analysis. Sarcopenia was associated with significantly poorer postoperative outcomes, including greater mortality, complication occurrence, length of hospital stay, and lower rates of discharge to home (all P <0.00001). A significantly lower survival rate in patients with sarcopenia was noted at 1, 3, and 5 years (all P <0.00001) after surgery. Subgroup analysis confirmed higher rates of complications and mortality in oncological (both P <0.00001), cardiovascular (both P <0.00001), and emergency ( P =0.03 and P =0.04, respectively) patients with sarcopenia. In the transplant surgery cohort, mortality was significantly higher in patients with sarcopenia ( P <0.00001). Among all patients undergoing surgery for inflammatory bowel disease, the frequency of complications was significantly increased among sarcopenic patients ( P =0.007). Sensitivity analysis based on higher quality studies and prospective studies showed that sarcopenia remained a significant predictor of mortality and complication occurrence (all P <0.00001). CONCLUSION: Sarcopenia is a significant predictor of poorer outcomes in surgical patients. Preoperative assessment of sarcopenia can help surgeons identify patients at risk, critically balance eligibility, and refine perioperative management. Large-scale studies are required to further validate the importance of sarcopenia as a prognostic indicator of perioperative risk, especially in surgical subspecialties.

The Impact of Facial Burns on Short- and Long-Term Quality of Life and Psychological Distress-A Prospective Matched Cohort Study.

Burn injuries are a major healthcare challenge worldwide, with up to 50% of all minor burns located on the head and neck. With this study, we sought to describe the effect of facial burns (FB) on health-related quality of life through a prospective and matched cohort study design. Patients completed the 36 Item Short Form (SF-36) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results were analyzed based on the distribution of datasets. In total, 55 patients with FB and 55 age-and sex-matched candidates were recruited. The most common mechanism of thermal injury was burns from flames. The FB group scored lower in physical and psychological dimensions than the control group, both acutely and one year after injury. An analysis of each domain showed that subjects in the FB group trended toward improvements in their score after one-year post-burn in physical functioning (acute: 71.0 ± 29.2; one-year: 83.7 ± 23.9; p = 0.02) and bodily pain (acute: 58.5 ± 30.3; one-year: 77.9 ± 30.5; p = 0.01) domains. Additionally, the FB group had significanlyt higher scores for anxiety (FB: 4.8 ± 3.2; control: 2.5 ± 2.8; p = <0.002) and depression (FB: 3.9 ± 3.5; control: 2.1 ± 2.7; p = 0.01) compared to the control. In conclusion, facial burns are associated with physical and psychosocial deficits, as well as elevated levels of psychological distress.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Postoperative Complications After Rhinoplasty: A Multi-Institutional ACS-NSQIP Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the popularity of rhinoplasty, outcome research has been mainly limited to single-surgeon or single-institution reports. Therefore, we performed a multi-institutional analysis to present a broader portrait of the postoperative outcomes and risk factors for adverse events after rhinoplasty surgery. METHODS: We reviewed the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database (2009-2019) to identify patients who underwent rhinoplasty. The postoperative outcomes of interest included 30-day mortality, reoperation, readmission, and surgical and medical complications. We also analyzed risk factors for complication occurrence, including patient comorbidities and preoperative laboratory values. RESULTS: We identified 835 patients, 72% (n=602) of whom underwent a primary, 21% (n=175) a secondary, and 6.7% (n=58) a cleft nasal deformity procedure. The average patient age was 41±17 years, with most patients being female (n=472; 57%) and white (n=643; 77%). Complications rates were generally low, with reoperation (n=19; 2.3%) and superficial incisional infection (n=9; 1.1%) account for the most common general and surgical adverse event, respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed male sex ( P =0.04) and higher ASA scores ( P <0.0001) as risk factors for complications. Low serum albumin ( P =0.04) and hematocrit ( P =0.003) levels were associated with the occurrence of any complication, whereas low serum albumin ( P =0.02) also correlated with the incidence of surgical adverse events. CONCLUSION: Complication rates after rhinoplasty were overall low and seemed to correlate with male sex and ASA scores. We identified preoperative albumin and hematocrit as predictive biomarkers of adverse events. Preoperative nutritional optimization and management of low hematocrit may improve postoperative outcomes.

Association of age with perioperative morbidity among patients undergoing surgical management of minor burns.

Introduction: Burn injuries are associated with significant morbidity, often necessitating surgical management. Older patients are more prone to burns and more vulnerable to complications following major burns. While the relationship between senescence and major burns has already been thoroughly investigated, the role of age in minor burns remains unclear. To better understand differences between elderly and younger patients with predominantly minor burns, we analyzed a multi-institutional database. Methods: We reviewed the 2008-2020 ACS-NSQIP database to identify patients who had suffered burns according to ICD coding and underwent initial burn surgery. Results: We found 460 patients, of which 283 (62%) were male and 177 (38%) were female. The mean age of the study cohort was 46 ± 17 years, with nearly one-fourth (n = 108; 23%) of all patients being aged ≥60 years. While the majority (n = 293; 64%) suffered from third-degree burns, 22% (n = 99) and 15% (n = 68) were diagnosed with second-degree burns and unspecified burns, respectively. An average operation time of 46 min, a low mortality rate of 0.2% (n = 1), a short mean length of hospital stay (1 day), and an equal distribution of in- and outpatient care (51%, n = 234 and 49%, n = 226, respectively) indicated that the vast majority of patients suffered from minor burns. Patients aged ≥60 years showed a significantly prolonged length of hospital stay (p<0.0001) and were significantly more prone to non-home discharge (p<0.0001). In univariate analysis, advanced age was found to be a predictor of surgical complications (p = 0.001) and medical complications (p = 0.0007). Elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen (p>0.0001), creatinine (p>0.0001), white blood cell count (p=0.02), partial thromboplastin time (p = 0.004), and lower levels of albumin (p = 0.0009) and hematocrit (p>0.0001) were identified as risk factors for the occurrence of any complication. Further, complications were more frequent among patients with lower body burns. Discussion: In conclusion, patients ≥60 years undergoing surgery for predominantly minor burns experienced significantly more complications. Minor lower body burns correlated with worse outcomes and a higher incidence of adverse events. Decreased levels of serum albumin and hematocrit and elevated values of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, white blood count, and partial thromboplastin time were identified as predictive risk factors for complications.

Implications of Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation in Plastic Surgery on Legal Medicine.

BACKGROUND: When a patient receives a transplant-be it classically an organ or bone marrow or, more recently, composite allotransplantations of the limb or face-it can result in artificial chimerism. Such chimerism raises considerations in forensic medicine, a field that relies on the collection and identification of biological samples from crime scenes. Beyond this chimerism, composite allotransplantations create further challenges. METHODS: After screening the literature and press releases, we provide a brief history and summary of some of the technologies used in forensic identification, explaining their advantages and pitfalls in the light of transplantation and cautioning against misidentifying those who evade justice by taking advantage of such considerations. RESULTS: With face transplantation, patients can receive the skin, hair, salivary glands, teeth, and oral and nasal mucosa of their donors, components which hold great importance in forensic science. Modern technologies such as computer-assisted facial recognition, although gradually becoming more accurate over time, also face new challenges in this post-transplantation era as facial recognition software can be misled by surgical alterations of the face or face transplantation. With limb transplantation, there is an impact on fingerprint identification. CONCLUSIONS: Both surgical transplantation techniques and forensic technologies have seen incomprehensibly great innovation in the past century. Given the growing rate of successful composite transplantation in the USA and worldwide, it is now important for law enforcement agents to be aware of the new possibility of having two sets of genetic material, hair, saliva, fingerprints, or even facial recognition data for the same individual.

Effective or Harmful-Evaluation of Locally Applied Antibiotics on Adipose Tissue during Lipofilling to the Breast-An In Vitro Study.

Lipofilling is a frequently used and safe procedure for breast reconstruction. One of the most feared complications is soft tissue infection following lipofilling. Because of this, some surgeons propose the practice of rinsing fat grafts with antibiotics. This study investigates the effect of antibiotic rinses on fat grafts in an in vitro model. Adipocytes and stem cells were isolated from fat tissue harvested during 24 lipofilling procedures and incubated with different doses of clindamycin or cefazolin. Cell viability, metabolism, proliferation, and differentiation capacities were analyzed by gross morphology, fluorescence staining, -(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromid (MTT-), and Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G3PD)-assay as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS)-assay. Cefazolin and clindamycin led to significant reduction of cell viability of adipocytes. High doses of both antibiotics led to a rupture of adipocytes with visible free lipid droplets. Cell metabolism was significantly decreased after incubation with both antibiotics. There was a significant increase in ROS production. Exposure to clindamycin and cefazolin led to morphological changes in stem cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, differentiation potential was significantly reduced. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, however, showed that low concentrations of antibiotics effectively inhibited bacterial growth in contaminated fat grafts. This study confirms that rinsing fat grafts with clindamycin or cefazolin not only overly prevents infection but also has cytotoxic and metabolic effects on adipocytes. Therefore, based on these results, the routine clinical application in high doses cannot be recommended.

Stem Cell-Enriched Hybrid Breast Reconstruction Reduces Risk for Capsular Contracture in a Hybrid Breast Model.

BACKGROUND: Hybrid breast reconstruction (HBR) combines silicone implants with fat grafting to improve implant coverage, treating local tissue deficiencies and leading to a more natural breast appearance. Recent data also indicated less capsular contracture after HBR. The authors developed a novel technique and animal model of cell-assisted (CA) HBR to illuminate its effects on capsular contracture. METHODS: Animals received silicone implants in a dorsal submuscular pocket. Although animals of the HBR group received fat grafting around the implant without stem cell enrichment, rats of the CA-HBR1 and the CA-HBR2 groups received stem cell-enriched fat grafting with 2 × 10 6 and 4 × 10 6 adipose-derived stem cells immediately after implant insertion. On day 60, animals underwent sonography and elastography imaging and were euthanized, and outcome analysis was performed by means of histology, immunohistochemistry, chemical collagen quantification, and gene expression analysis. RESULTS: With this novel technique, long-term survival of adipose-derived stem cells within the implant pocket was demonstrated after 60 days after implant insertion. CA-HBR led to significantly reduced thickness and collagen density of capsular contractures. In addition, CA-HBR resulted in reduced fibrotic responses with less occurrence of collagen type I and transforming growth factor-ß in capsule tissue. Moreover, the addition of stem cells suppressed fibrotic and inflammatory responses on a genetic level with significant underexpression of collagen type I and transforming growth factor-ß1. CONCLUSIONS: With this new technique and animal model, the authors observed a preventive effect on capsular contracture substantiating the basis of clinical outcomes of HBR. The authors propose that the addition of stem cells to HBR might booster its beneficial results. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Stem cell-enriched fat grafting around silicone implants may reduce the risk for capsular contracture after silicone breast implantation. While fat grafting alone already shows beneficial effects, the addition of stem cells to the fat graft can potentiate this effect.

Fat Grafts Show Higher Hypoxia, Angiogenesis, Adipocyte Proliferation, and Macrophage Infiltration than Flaps in a Pilot Mouse Study.

BACKGROUND: Over 137,000 breast reconstructions are performed annually by American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) members. Vascularized flaps and avascular lipofilling each account for over 33,000 autologous reconstructions. Although clinical and experimental observations suggest biologic differences with diverging effects on locoregional tumor control, comparative animal models are lacking. The authors standardized existing techniques in immunocompetent mice, laying the foundation for in vivo models of autologous breast reconstruction combinable with orthotopic tumor implantations. METHODS: Twenty-five groin flaps and 39 fat grafts were transferred in female BALB/c-mice. Adipocytes were tracked via Hoechst-Calcein-DiI staining ( n = 2 per group), and postoperative volume retentions were compared via magnetic resonance imaging ( n = 3 per group) on days 1, 11, 21, and 31. Proliferation indices, microvessel densities, tissue hypoxia, and macrophage infiltrates were compared via Ki67, CD31, pimonidazole, and hematoxylin-eosin staining on days 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 ( n = 4 per group). RESULTS: Viable adipocytes were present in both groups. Graft volumes plateaued at 42.7 ± 1.2% versus 81.8 ± 4.0% of flaps ( P < 0.001). Initially, grafts contained more hypoxic cells (day 5: 15.192 ± 1.249 versus 1.157 ± 192; P < 0.001), followed by higher proliferation (day 15: 25.2 ± 1.0% versus 0.0 ± 0.0%; P < 0.001), higher microvessel numbers (day 30: 307.0 ± 13.2 versus 178.0 ± 10.6; P < 0.001), and more pronounced macrophage infiltrates (graded 3 versus 2; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This comparative murine pilot study of vascularized flaps versus avascular lipofilling suggests differences in volume retention, proliferation, angiogenesis, hypoxia, and inflammation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: The biological differences of fat grafting versus flap transfer are not fully understood because no single comparative experimental model has been established to date. The authors present the first comparative small animal model of both techniques, which will allow the gaining of deeper insights into their biological effects.

Patient-Reported Outcomes After Reduction Mammoplasty Using BREAST-Q: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The BREAST-Q questionnaire reduction module is an established tool for outcomes after reduction mammoplasty. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review and meta-analysis assess key parameters affecting pre- and postoperative scores, with specific foci on patient characteristics and tissue resection weights. METHODS: This study was conducted per PRISMA guidelines. PUBMED (National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD), Google Scholar (Google; Mountain View, CA), and Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics; Philadelphia, PA) were searched. All studies published before August 1, 2021, were assessed for eligibility by 2 independent reviewers. Inclusion criteria were prospective or retrospective studies in 6 languages that reported quality of life after reduction mammoplasty employing the BREAST-Q questionnaire reduction module. Quality of included studies was assessed employing the Newcastle-Ottawa-Scale. Analysis was performed per Cochrane Collaboration and the Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 28 papers were included in the systematic review, 13 for preoperative meta-analysis, and 17 for postoperative meta-analysis. Postoperative scores in all 3 quality of life domains (psychosocial, physical, and sexual well-being) and satisfaction with breasts increased significantly after reduction mammoplasty compared with preoperative scores. Satisfaction with breasts showed the greatest improvement, from 22.9 to 73.0. Preoperative scores were lower than normative data, with improvement to comparable scores as the healthy population postoperatively. Improvements in BREAST-Q scores did not correlate with patient comorbidities, complication rates, or amount of breast tissue resected. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction mammoplasty provides marked improvement in BREAST-Q patient-reported quality of life as well established in literature. However, these improvements do not correlate with tissue resection weights, warranting further inquiry of insurance-defined resection requirements.

Perioperative Outcomes and Risk Profile of 4730 Cosmetic Breast Surgery Cases in Academic Institutions: An ACS-NSQIP Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cosmetic breast surgery (CBS) can be subdivided into augmentation, mastopexy, reduction, and reconstruction. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze a multi-institutional national database to investigate the outcomes of CBS and identify clinical patterns to optimize care. METHODS: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (2008-2020) was reviewed to identify female patients who underwent CBS. Postoperative outcomes (30-day surgical and medical complications, reoperation, readmission, and mortality) and risk factors for complications were assessed. RESULTS: In total, 4733 patients were identified (mean age, 40 [13] years; mean BMI, 24 [4.5] kg/m2) with augmentation accounting for 54% of cases. There were complications in 2.0% of cases. Age >65 years (P = .002), obesity (P < .0001), setting (P < .0001), and diabetes (P = .04) were risk factors for any complication. Age >65 years (P = .02), obesity (P = .03), diabetes (P = .01), history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (P = .002) and congestive heart failure (P < .0001), smoking in the past year (P = .003), setting (P = .007), and increased American Society of Anesthesiology score (P < .0001) were predictors of surgical complications such as dehiscence and infection. Multivariable analysis confirmed that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity Class 1 and 3, and inpatient status were independent risk factors for occurrence of any complication (P = .0005, .0003, < .0001 and <.0001, respectively). Additionally, multiple procedures (P = .02) and smoking (P = .005) were found to be risk factors for surgical complications. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the positive safety profile of CBS. Healthy BMI is a protective factor, while complications were more likely among inpatient procedures. A correlation between multiple procedures and increased surgical complications was identified. Awareness of these risk factors can assist surgeons to further refine their perioperative protocols.